Please select any photo in the galleries for a larger version and descriptive caption.
The mercury-vapor lights in the ChNPP turbine hall barely turn on in the freezing darkness of Ukrainian winter, emitting a harsh buzz but only weak, jaundiced illumination. With no climate control (the on-site heating plant is shut down because the fuel needed comes from Russia and is prohibitively expensive), corrosion has set in on every available surface. Across the turbine decks, in vast heaps, lie demounted valves, piping, bearings, casings, and of course, pieces of the turbines themselves, all of it too radioactive to go anywhere else but here. Made in Ukraine at the Kharkov Turbine Factory (now Turboatom), the vast machines are destined to rust away while similar turbines continue to turn at more auspicious nuclear power plants throughout the former USSR.
Remains of a low-pressure double-flow turbine rotor in the dark, freezing Turbine Hall at Chernobyl.
Eastward view toward No. 4 Turbogenerator in the ChNPP Turbine Hall. If you look at the roof paneling above TG-4, you can see that it is a different (lighter) color. This is the part of the roof that collapsed in October 1991, when an electrical accident and subsequent fire destroyed the generator. Unit 2 never operated again. The red tank is for lubricating oil.
View westward toward the TG-5 turbogenerator belonging to Unit 3 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.
Disassembled turbine parts, including blades and bearings, lie strewn about the Chernobyl turbine hall as the power plant undergoes decommissioning.
Entrance to the Turbine Hall on the +10m elevation from the Deaerator Building, between Unit 2 and Unit 3.
Highly radioactive support elements from the striped ventilation chimney that once stood between the Units 3 and 4 reactor buildings are now stored temporarily in the Turbine Hall, adjacent to TG-5.
Rusting remains of a steam turbine lie on the floor of the Turbine Hall at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.
Feedwater pumps belonging to Unit 2 at ChNPP. A fire in 1991 cause the turbine hall roof to fall on the pumps, disabling them all (and their emergency backups). The damage was repaired and the protective metal roof seen here was installed over the feedwater pump well to prevent a recurrence of similar accidents. However, Unit 2 was never operated again.
Unit 2 condensate pump well next to No. 3 Turbogenerator at Chernobyl.
Part of a turbine shaft belonging to TG-3 stands next to a decommissioned control station for the machine. The Turbine Hall is not climate controlled, and condensing humidity is causing rusting on many surfaces.
Sergey Krivtsun, a 30-year veteran turbine operator at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, was working in Unit 1 in 1986.
In addition to the turbogenerators, the turbine hall also contains condensate and feedwater machinery, some of which may be seen in the photos in the gallery here. The hall is being temporarily used to store radioactive structural components of the highly-contaminated ventilation stack that once stood between the Units 3-4 reactor buildings. Click below to watch a Bionerd video about the turbine hall:
Please select any photo in the galleries for a larger version and descriptive caption.
In November 2016, the massive New Safe Confinement arch slid over Unit 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, and the old “Sarcophagus” that had defined the appearance of the damaged unit for 30 years receded from view. Over the last three years, the iconic ventilation chimney shared by Units 3 and 4 has been disassembled as well, and now rests in pieces in various places (including the deck of No. 5 turbogenerator). Inside the unit, work continues to finish the Perimeter Closure Project–the effort to hermetically seal off the east and west boundaries of the New Safe Confinement from the rest of the power plant. Floor by floor, barriers are going up. The memorial to Valery Khodemchuk, the first victim of the 1986 accident whose remains have never been recovered, has been removed from its old location at the northwest end of the chemical treatment and ventilation block, and will be reinstalled somewhere else once the project is finished. The photos in the second gallery show the state of the Arch and the Local Zone around Unit 4 only several days before the Arch began its movement, and are certainly among the last photos of the old Unit 4 exterior we have come to know and love.
Stanislav Shekstelo, an employee of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, contemplates the remains of the Unit 4 control room in November 2016. The wall at left is not original, and the last bench of A Desk and T Desk have been removed to allow the wall to be installed through the control room. Behind the wall is a corridor to allow worker movement. The original “gold corridor” that runs the length of the deaerator building is blocked in this area by the supports for the “Mammoth Beam” in the Sarcophagus.
Unit 4’s reactor cartogram displays behind A Desk (the reactor control engineer’s position) at the east end of the Unit 4 control room. Only a few of the ~200 control rod servoindicators remain in the panel, the others having been scavenged for other units and / or souvenirs.
Servoindicator for a control rod in the Unit 4 control room, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, measuring rod insertion depth from 0 to 8 meters. The reading is no longer meaningful. The descending main control rod in Channel 40-37 would have become stuck at about 2m before the core disintegrated.
Slot for No. 8 turbogenerator’s tachometer on T Desk, the turbine control engineer’s position, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. The 1986 accident took place in the context of an inertial run-down experiment on TG-8. A thick coating of pink polymer designed to trap contamination now lies over everything in the Unit 4 control room.
Annunciator lamps for Unit 4’s main circulation pumps, covered in contamination-immobilizing polymer.
Turbogenerator No. 8’s electrical output, from 0-600 MWe. The normal value was 500 MWe at full power. The accident of April 26, 1986 occurred in the context of an experiment on TG-8.
A pancake Geiger counter measures 33 kCPM on the balance-of-plant console (P Desk) in the Unit 4 control room.
Switch on A Desk (the reactor control engineer’s position) for the Unit 4 reactor’s automatic power regulators. The power regulators derive signal from lateral ionization chambers and are used to manage control rod movement under high-power operating conditions. The chain of events leading directly to the accident began with the automatic regulators, which stopped regulating power for some indeterminate reason at 12:30AM on the night of the accident. The operators failed to maintain power with the AR systems, leading to xenon poisoning and the unfortunate conditions for reactor runaway later on.
Slots for the reactor period monitors in Unit 4 control room at Chernobyl. These monitors probably derived their signal from the lateral ionization chambers, and would have read “0 seconds” for a brief, hair-raising moment on April 26, 1986.
A hot-spot warning is stenciled on the wall that now terminates the west end of the +10m deaerator corridor at Axis 53. The Fluke 451B ion chamber measures a respectable 22 mR/h here.
The original deaerator corridor on +10m outside the Unit 4 control room is rarely seen by visitors to the control room, but we had to use it because of work on the Perimeter Closure Project. The reserve control room to Unit 4 is behind the wall on the right, shielded with heavy lead plate. It looked directly out on the vast heap of radioactive debris from the reactor building. Some original linoleum flooring is also visible.
Looking east now, toward the barrier across the +10m deaerator hallway at Axis 53. Behind the wall are supports for the “Mammoth Beam” in the Sarcophagus. The lead paneling at left provides shielding from radiation shining into the plant from outside, via the Unit 4 reserve control room.
The G110/2 stairway at the end of the deaerator building in Unit 4 is in pretty ragged shape, and has been painted with some kind of immobilizing polymer that is pink in color. We are on our way to the Unit 4 control room via a somewhat unusual route on the +16.4m level.
Blast-resistant door leading to one of the steam and feedwater piping compartments below Unit 4’s deaerators on +16.4m elevation. Like all of Unit 4’s primary cooling circuit, it is probably quite contaminated.
Dating from Unit 4’s operational days–as attested by the overlying stratum of pink anti-contamination polymer–is a poster advising about safe welding practices.
The short western hall at the end of the Unit 4 deaerator building was once a “place for smoking”, per the red signage. A new sign has been posted, instructing workers that “smoking in the Object Shelter is PROHIBITED!” (Clearly the prohibition is widely ridiculed, as cigarette butts are everywhere in the Unit 4 control room.) Closer inspection of the sign reveals sarcastic additions, including a “penalty-100 Hryvnia” (about $5) modified to read “$1000000.”
I was honored to have Bionerd along for this trip, and her video record of the visit inside Unit 4 is on YouTube here:
Finally, here is a gallery showing the Arch of the New Safe Confinement and some of the “Local Zone” surrounding Unit 4.
The New Safe Confinement Arch at Chernobyl, only days away from its highly-anticipated move over the damaged Unit 4. PHOTO CREDIT: LUCAS HIXSON
American-made overhead cranes in the New Safe Confinement arch. The cranes will be used for various purposes relating to the study and deconstruction of Unit 4.
Workers in the “Local Zone” surrounding Unit 4 rush to finish the New Safe Confinement Technological Building, Perimeter Closure in the turbine hall, and other projects so that the Arch can be moved before the onset of bitter Ukrainian winter weather. Note that the ventilation stack visible on V Block is not the original, but a much smaller, offset stack that will not interfere with the New Safe Confinement.
Unit 4 is scarcely recognizable from the west, with the technological building of the New Safe Confinement nearing completion (left). The old western counterforce wall that keeps the Sarcophagus from collapsing is behind it. The striped ventilation chimney is a diminutive, offset version of the original. About the only original plant structure visible here is the western end of the deaerator building.
The Arch is designed to slide on rails. This is the southern rail. A lead-sheet shield for workers, at left, reduces the ambient dose rate by about a factor of 4.
One of hundreds of stray dogs on the Chernobyl Power Plant site. This one, however, is on the dirty side of the clean line in the 1430 Change Facility, and I doubt it has been taught to use the contamination monitors visible at left.
A stray dog, one of hundreds that roam the grounds of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, enjoys the meager nourishment of a radioactive boot heel inside the hot entrance to the 1430 Change Facility. In the foreground is a visitor with a jacket labeled “OU” (“Object Shelter”).
Please select any photo in the galleries for a larger version and descriptive caption.
The reactor hall and control room of Unit 2 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant are documented in these photo galleries and companion video.
Room 612/2 (Central Hall); Room 804/2 (Refueling Machine Control Room)
The RBMK reactor design features an ability for online refueling: withdrawal and insertion of fuel bundles while the reactor is at power. The charge face with its 2000-some channel covers is sited above the reactor within a massive “central hall” that is built like a hot cell, with concrete entryway mazes and leaded-glass windows for refueling operators. The dominant piece of equipment is, of course, the crane-mounted RZM (refueling machine). Also in the central hall are two spent-fuel basins, fresh fuel and instrumentation storage hangers, and metal plate covers for accessing the upper steamwater pipelines from the reactor and the peripheral ionization chambers. Unit 1 and 2’s central halls are on the +20.2m elevation, typical of first-generation RBMK plants, while the later Unit 3 and 4 central halls are on +35.5m. The chief reason for this is the introduction of a steam-suppressing pool and “Accident Localization System” below the reactor in the later design. Unit 2 has been offline since a turbine hall fire in 1991, and is defueled and dry (all spent fuel is in the ISF-1 facility). The spent fuel pools in the reactor hall are also dry, but are currently being used to store fuel support stringers. Measured exposure rates in the reactor hall range from surprisingly low (3 mR/h on uncovered fuel channels on the “pyatak” or reactor lid) to surprisingly high (2 R/h close to a point source-maybe a fuel flea?-on a fuel stringer). Like other RBMK reactors, including Unit 3 at Chernobyl, ChNPP-2 participated in transmutation doping of silicon for the Soviet semiconductor industry. A single channel ordinarily used for the control and protection system was assigned for this application.
Central Hall of Unit 2, ChNPP, looking south from the fresh fuel storage area. In the distance is the refueling machine and the circular reactor lid. In the foreground is a round portal in the floor for transferring fuel in casks out of the reactor building and onto a rail car beneath.
On the Unit 2 reactor lid, there is some streaming gamma radiation from the empty fuel channels. The exposure rate amounts to about 3.3 mR/h. Note the heavy removable steel blocks used to protect the channels.
2 R/h (yes, that’s two roentgens per hour!) from a local source, suspected of being a fuel flea, on one of the used fuel stringers in the spent fuel storage pool of Unit 2 reactor at ChNPP. Good times.
The crane-mounted RZM (fuel loading and unloading machine) in Unit 2 at ChNPP. Notice the person at the bottom for scale! The lead-glass window to the operator’s room is seen on the wall at right.
This is the reactor lid for Unit 2, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Metal blocks protect the upper penetrations for some 2000 channels through the graphite moderator of the reactor. The colored lids house electric control-rod drive mechanisms and in-core instruments, while the unpainted ones cover fuel channels and one special channel used to irradiate silicon. To the side of the reactor lid are smaller covers for the upper steamwater pipelines and the lateral ionization chambers.
Upper stringers for fuel bundles in the Unit 2 reactor hall. These pieces have a pin in the foreground for coupling to the RZM machine. At the far end is a spiral geometry designed to help shield streaming neutrons. Two fuel bundles, each about three meters long, would have been attached at the far ends for insertion into the reactor core.
Visitors prepare to enter the Central Hall of Unit 2 at Chernobyl, from the 607/2 anteroom on +20.2m. The Central Hall is a fuel handling area, and consequently has some loose radiological contamination.
Visitors prepare to enter the Central Hall of Unit 2 at Chernobyl from the 607/2 anteroom on +20.2m.
Electrical panels for the RZM refueling machine in the operator’s booth, Room 804/2. PHOTO CREDIT: LUCAS HIXSON
View through the RZM operator’s lead-glass window into the Central Hall, Unit 2, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. PHOTO CREDIT: LUCAS HIXSON
Unit 2 reactor building, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, +20.2m elevation
Video (via YouTube)
Room G364/2 (Unit 2 Control Room)
The control room, like all others at RBMK plants, is situated nominally at +10m elevation in the “deaerator stack” abutting the turbine hall. The tray-type deaerators themselves, and reactor steam and feedwater piping, are in compartments directly above the control rooms, leading to some interesting hypothetical accident scenarios whereby radioactive water might invade the control rooms from above. At ChNPP, the Unit 2 control room has a notable radiation “hot spot” above T Desk at the west end, possibly due to contamination in the steamwater piping compartment upstairs.
A visitor stands behind A Desk (reactor control engineer’s position) in the Unit 2 control room, ChNPP. On the panel behind him is a reactor core cartogram with lamps for each of the ~1700 fuel channels (white) and ~300 other channels for control rods and instrumentation. The lamps were used to indicate various parameters or activities in the individual channels. On the right is another cartogram with servoindicators displaying the position of control and protection rods in the reactor. PHOTO CREDIT: LUCAS HIXSON
Visitors enter Unit Control Room II, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, from the “Gold Corridor” on +10m. PHOTO CREDIT: LUCAS HIXSON
A visitor and a career turbine engineer share a smoke in the Unit 2 control room at Chernobyl, hastening their demise by cancer much faster than radiation will. The engineer’s jacket has “ZSR” (“Strict Control Zone”) initialed on it, referring to more highly contaminated areas within the plant.
Servoindicators for the reactor control and protection system (“SUZ”) in Unit 2 control room at Chernobyl. Blue indicators are for the shortened absorbers (“USP”) that are pulled up from the bottom of the core, while all others descend from the top of the core. The channel marked “Si” was specially allocated to the neutron transmutation of silicon for the Soviet semiconductor industry.
The west end of the Unit 2 control room, where controls for plant electrical systems and the Nos. 3 and 4 turbogenerators are located. In October of 1991, No. 4 turbogenerator accidentally motorized and caught on fire, bringing the turbine hall roof down onto the reactor feedwater pumps. Unit 2 was permanently shut down following this accident.
Operational reactivity reserve (OZR) chart recorder in the Unit 2 control room at Chernobyl. Handwritten note on the paper indicates its decommissioning in October of 1991, following the fire that ended Unit 2’s service life. The OZR quantity–essentially the number of full-worth control rods remaining in the reactor core–has great safety significance in RBMK reactors, and the inclusion of displays of this quantity for the operators in the control room was one of the improvements adopted after the Unit 4 accident in 1986.
Controls for the No. 1 automatic power regulator on A Desk (reactor control engineer’s position) in Unit 2 at Chernobyl. This computerized regulator was one of two that were typically engaged under full-power routine operation.
Local Automatic Regulator (LAR) on A Desk (reactor control engineer’s position) in Unit 2 at Chernobyl. This regulator used in-core instrumentation to monitor and adjust the spatial neutron flux distribution at intermediate power levels during transition to or from full power.
Two visitors investigate the notable radiation hot spot in the Unit 2 control room, in front of T Desk (turbine controls for Turbogenerator No. 4 are visible). The radiation seems to be streaming from above, perhaps from the steamwater compartment that directly overlies the control room. (Purely by coincidence, the men’s pose resembles the famous Soviet socialist-realism sculpture, “Worker and Kolkhoz Woman.”)
Please select any photo in the gallery for a larger version and descriptive caption.
This photo gallery documents the main circulation pumps and the repair/transport corridor in Unit 2 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant as they appeared in mid-November 2016. Unit 2 operated until a fire damaged the No. 4 generator and the unit’s feedwater machinery in October of 1991, after which the unit was permanently shut down. It is an example of the earliest variant of the RBMK plant design, following the model of the Leningrad units. The main circulation pumps in these earlier units are aligned on an axis perpendicular to the turbines and on the +1.0m elevation, whereas in the later generation of RBMK units (e.g. ChNPP Units 3-4), the pump engines are on the +12.5m elevation and aligned parallel with the turbines so that twinned units could share the same MCP engine halls and associated cranes. The earlier-generation units are smaller than the later generation, mainly because they lack a steam-condensing “accident localization system” beneath the reactor.
Room 114/3, the eastern main circulation pump engine room for Unit 2 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, viewed from the +12.4m balcony at the north end of the room. Each pump motor is rated at 5.6 MWe, supplying 4.3 MW of shaft power under typical load to the pump impeller beneath the floor. Three of the four pumps are running in normal operation, and one is in standby. Also visible are the overhead service crane at the far end of the room, and the valve stems for the suction and discharge control valves on each pump. Green pipes on the wall at right carry cooling water for the pump bearings and seals.
Room 114/4, the western main circulation pump engine room in Unit 2 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. View is to the south, showing all four MCP motors and the overhead crane for servicing them. The reactor vault is to the left. On the floor to the left of the pumps are the throttle valve controls for the main circulation circuit attached to the discharge side of each pump. In normal operation, three of the four pumps would be running and one would be on standby.
Closeup of the southernmost main circulation pump motors in Room 114/4, Unit 2, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Bearing cooling water and lubricating fluid lines to the pump can be seen.
A visitor stands next to one of the giant 6-kV main circulation pump motors in Unit 2 at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Room 114/4. Each pump motor produces about 4.3 MW shaft power under normal operating conditions.
Coolant water sampling station in Room 114/4, Chernobyl Unit 2.
Stairway in the Unit 2 reactor building at Chernobyl, lying directly beneath the steam separator compartment.
View eastward down the railroad tracks that pass beneath Units 1 and 2 at the Chernobyl plant. This repair and transportation corridor is used to move heavy equipment in and out of the plant. Above the corridor are massive panels that can be removed to facilitate the use of cranes to hoist equipment. The red door at left leads into a main circulation pump room. A radiation monitor can also be seen on the wall at left.
A Ukrainian National Guardsman stands next to the open doors of the Units 1-2 repair and transport corridor, used for moving heavy equipment in and out of the reactor buildings. View down from the +10m “gold corridor” in the deaerator building.
Locations shown in the photo gallery may be identified on the following plan of the +1m elevation in the Unit 2 reactor building, taken from plant safety documentation:
+1m elevation in Block “B” (Unit 2 reactor building), Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.
Plutonium vault in the former Kerr-McGee Cimarron Fuel Fabrication Plant. Some 50 lb. of plutonium went unaccounted for at the Cimarron plant during the Silkwood years due to sloppy handling and accounting uncertainties.
Stigma has a long half-life. 42 years ago, a young woman named Karen Silkwood was found dead in her wrecked car on the side of Oklahoma State Highway 74. She had been a laboratory worker at the nearby Kerr-McGee Cimarron Fuel Fabrication Plant as well as an OCAW union officer, and at the time of her death she was on a journey south to Oklahoma City, purportedly carrying evidence of unsafe work conditions and nuclear material diversion to a meeting with union representatives and the press. After Silkwood’s death, the alleged smoking-gun documents were nowhere to be found. Conspiracy theories blossomed in the absence of conclusive understanding into the circumstances of her death. The idea that Kerr-McGee management had her “bumped off” gained a major following, despite no evidence underpinning this suggestion and a competing toxicology finding of methaqualone in Karen’s blood. Two years later, in 1976, the Cimarron plant shut down in ignominy.
In 1983, Meryl Streep played Karen Silkwood to critical acclaim in a major motion picture that served to cement the murder theory in the popular imagination. While the basic plausibility of the alleged murder conspiracy fades with each passing year, it endures as fact in the folk wisdom of numerous anti-corporate and anti-nuclear advocates. As for the Kerr-McGee plutonium fuel plant, it too endures; and after decades of vacancy, is poised to rise from the ashes of its scandal-ridden nuclear past as a manufacturing facility for aircraft parts. This is particularly remarkable, as very few former nuclear facilities survive cleanup intact, and few structures survive decades of neglect to the elements. (Some of the surrounding lands, however, remain under NRC license and are still being remediated for contaminants.) I visited the site in the fall of 2016, and would like to thank Jeff Lux, project manager and engineer, for his generosity and willingness to take me around this landmark in the cultural history of nuclear technology in the USA.
Facade of the Kerr-McGee Cimarron plutonium fuel fabrication facility of Karen Silkwood fame, seen in the fall of 2016. The structure has been gutted, meticulously cleaned, sold for $6000 at auction, and is now being outfitted for manufacturing avionics.
Front office of the former Kerr-McGee plutonium fuel fabrication facility in Oklahoma. The building is being reused by an aviation company.
This vast open room in the southeastern quadrant of the plutonium plant was once a warren of analytical laboratories, and the workplace of Karen Silkwood within the Kerr-McGee plutonium fuel fabrication facility. The room is being outfitted now as a machine shop by the new owner.
Finished fuel storage room and shipping/receiving bay. Some original signage from the operating days remains on the wall. Also on the wall are grid lines used for conducting contamination surveys.
A sign still on the wall from the operational days of the Kerr-McGee plutonium fuel plant, when finished fuel elements were stored in this room.
This wall shows grid markings and radiation survey measurements (presumably in units of disintegrations per minute per 100 sq. cm.).
Fuel element fabrication area. Notice grid lines on the walls for radioactive contamination surveys.
Pu fuel pellet fabrication area, showing sand-blasted and removed non-structural walls from plutonium cleanup efforts.
Looking north across the Cimarron River floodplain, dotted with groundwater sampling wells behind the Pu facility.
The most contaminated water on the former Kerr-McGee site is found in this area toward the northeast. We can see a lot of sampling well head covers in this photo looking north toward the Cimarron River.
Fire-suppression reservoir that was part of the original plant works. The fishing is said to be great here, but the NRC won’t allow it.
Corner marker for an underground radioactive waste disposal area on the former Kerr-McGee plant property.
The Kerr-McGee Cimarron Fuel Fabrication Facility plutonium plant seen from the east in 2016. The companion uranium facility was to the left, but no longer stands on the site.
Sampling wells with color-coded caps that denote their depth. These wells lie near a solid radioactive waste burial area on site.
Special Nuclear Material 